The Norwegian Earth System Model version 2 (NorESM2) is an coupled Earth System Model developed by the Norwegian Climate Consortium (NCC). NorESM2 is based on the second version of the Community Earth System Model, CESM2.
Quoted from: https://www.noresm.org/about/
A climate model solves mathematically formulated natural laws on a three-dimensional grid. The climate model divides the soil system into components (atmosphere, sea, sea ice, land with vegetation, etc.) that interact through transmission of energy, motion and moisture. When the climate model also includes advanced interactive atmosphere chemistry and biogeochemical cycles (such as the carbon cycle), it is called an earth system model.
The Norwegian Earth System Model NorESM has been developed since 2007 and has been an important tool for Norwegian climate researchers in the study of the past, present and future climate. NorESM has also contributed to climate simulation that has been used in research assessed in the IPCC’s fifth main report.
Below are quoted from: https://noresm-docs.readthedocs.io/en/noresm2/start.html
The Norwegian Earth System Model version 2 (NorESM2) is an coupled Earth System Model developed by the Norwegian Climate Consortium (NCC). NorESM2 is based on the second version of the Community Earth System Model, CESM2 (http://www.cesm.ucar.edu/models/cesm2/), developed and operated at the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR), Boulder, US.
The NorESM specific development is led by the Norwegian Meteorological Institute and NORCE Norwegian Research Centre AS. Other partners involved are the University of Oslo (UiO), CICERO, Nansen Environmental and Remote Sensing Center (NERSC) and the University of Bergen (UiB).
NorESM2 specific additions to CESM2 includes (but is not limited to):
Atmosphere model : CAM6-Nor replaces standard CAM
Atmospheric chemistry/aerosol/cloud module: OsloAero6 (Kirkevåg et al. GMD, 2018)
Atmospheric dynamics/physics: Improved conservation of energy and angular momentum (Toniazzo et al. GMD, 2020)
Parameterization of turbulent air-sea fluxes (see Atmosphere for more details)
Sea-ice model:
Wind drift of snow
Ocean model : Isopycnic coordinate model BLOM
Ocean biogeochemical model : iHAMOCC
HAMburg Ocean Carbon Cycle model (HAMOCC) adopted for use with the isopycnic ocean model BLOM and further developed (Tjiputra et al. GMD, 2020)
For a short description of the model components, please see NorESM2 Model Description
Ocean model component in NorESM2:
BLOM/iHAMOCC replaces MICOM/HAMOCC as the combined physical and biogeochemical ocean model component in NorESM2. BLOM/iHAMOCC is publically available soure code licensed under a LGPLv3 license, but is otherwise a direct descendant of the MICOM/HAMOCC model component. New applications of NorESM2 will only use BLOM/iHAMOCC, but older data sets may still refer to MICOM/HAMOCC.
NorESM2 exists in three versions:
NorESM2-MM
1 degree resolution for all model components
NorESM2-LM
2 degree resolution for the atmosphere and land components
1 degree resolution for the ocean and sea-ice components
CO2 concentration driven (default)
NorESM2-MH
1 degree resolution for the atmosphere and land components
0.25 degree resolution for the ocean and sea-ice components
NorESM2 can be run in emission driven mode for interactive carbon-cycle studies. Currently, this configuration is only supported for the LM-resolution
Seland, Ø., Bentsen, M., Seland Graff, L., Olivié, D., Toniazzo, T., Gjermundsen, A., Debernard, J. B., Gupta, A. K., He, Y., Kirkevåg, A., Schwinger, J., Tjiputra, J., Schancke Aas, K., Bethke, I., Fan, Y., Griesfeller, J., Grini, A., Guo, C., Ilicak, M., Hafsahl Karset, I. H., Landgren, O., Liakka, J., Onsum Moseid, K., Nummelin, A., Spensberger, C., Tang, H., Zhang, Z., Heinze, C., Iverson, T., and Schulz, M.: The Norwegian Earth System Model, NorESM2 – Evaluation of theCMIP6 DECK and historical simulations, Geosci. Model Dev. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2019-378, in review, 2020.
Tjiputra, J. F., Schwinger, J., Bentsen, M., Morée, A. L., Gao, S., Bethke, I., Heinze, C., Goris, N., Gupta, A., He, Y.-C., Olivié, D., Seland, Ø., and Schulz, M.: Ocean biogeochemistry in the Norwegian Earth System Model version 2 (NorESM2), Geosci. Model Dev., 13, 2393–2431, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-2393-2020, 2020.
Toniazzo, T., Bentsen, M., Craig, C., Eaton, B. E., Edwards, J., Goldhaber, S., Jablonowski, C., and Lauritzen, P. H.: Enforcing conservation of axial angular momentum in the atmospheric general circulation model CAM6, Geosci. Model Dev., 13, 685–705, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-685-2020, 2020.
Kirkevåg, A., Grini, A., Olivié, D., Seland, Ø., Alterskjær, K., Hummel, M., Karset, I. H. H., Lewinschal, A., Liu, X., Makkonen, R., Bethke, I., Griesfeller, J., Schulz, M., and Iversen, T.: A production-tagged aerosol module for Earth system models, OsloAero5.3 – extensions and updates for CAM5.3-Oslo, Geosci. Model Dev., 11, 3945–3982, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-3945-2018, 2018.
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