Quoted from: Xie, Zhenghui, Longhuan Wang, Yan Wang, Bin Liu, Ruichao Li, Jinbo Xie, Yujin Zeng et al. "Land Surface Model CAS‐LSM: Model Description and Evaluation." Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems 12, no. 12 (2020): e2020MS002339. https://doi.org/10.1029/2020MS002339 

      CLM4.5 is the land surface component of the Community Earth System Model version 1.2 (Gent et al., 2011; Hurrell et al., 2013). CLM 4.5 includes biogeophysical and biogeochemical processes when simulating the water and energy exchanged from the atmosphere to the land surface and exported to the oceans. Biogeophysical processes include momentum, heat and water from the canopy, vegetation and soil, and stomatal physiology and photosynthesis (Lawrence et al., 2011; Oleson, 2013). CAS‐LSM is the land component of Flexible Global Ocean‐Atmosphere‐Land System model grid‐point version 3 (CAS‐FGOALS‐g3; Li et al., 2020), which is an extension of CLM4.5. Similar to CLM4.5, CAS‐LSM uses a subgrid hierarchy with numerous soil columns in each grid cell. Different land units, including vegetation, urban areas, lakes, wetlands, and glaciers, coexist in a grid cell. Land units, soil columns, and plant function types are used to describe the heterogeneity within each grid cell. Building on CLM4.5, CAS‐LSM couples the groundwater lateral flow, human water use, frost and thaw fronts, dissolved inorganic nitrogen dynamics, anthropogenic heat release, urban water usage, and urban planning as optional configurations, with the target of yielding more complete land surface modeling. Table 1 lists a summary of the changes in CAS‐LSM relative to CLM4.5. The schematic diagram describing the major processes of CAS‐LSM is shown in Figure 1. Note that these processes were developed based on CLM4.5. As shown in Figure 2, the content displayed in black font is the original part of CLM4.5, and the content displayed in red font is the new or modified part of this work. Next, the physical parameters and main characteristics of CAS‐LSM are introduced.

Figure 1. The primary processes considered in CAS‐LSM, which were developed based on CLM4.5.

Figure 2. Schematic diagram of the CAS‐LSM, which considers groundwater lateral flow, human water use, soil freeze‐thaw fronts, riverine nitrogen transport, anthropogenic heat release, urban water usage, and urban water planning. The contents shown in black font are the original parts of CLM4.5, while those in red are the newly added or modified parts presented in this work.