The LANDIS-II forest landscape model simulates future forests (both trees and shrubs) at decadal to multi-century time scales and spatial scales spanning hundreds to millions of hectares. The model simulates change as a function of growth and succession and, optionally, as they are influenced by range of disturbances (e.g., fire, wind, insects), forest management, land use change.
Quoted from: http://www.landis-ii.org/home
The world's landscapes are changing rapidly due to a host of anthropogenic drivers. It is therefore imperative that society has an understanding of how they will change, the consequences of those changes for both humans and wildlife, and the actions necessary to maintain healthy landscapes. Forecasting has emerged as an important tool for learning about the future of our landscapes. LANDIS-II is such a landscape forecasting tool that has been developed over the past 30 years with contributions from many individuals and institutions and funding from a range of sponsors, both governmental and private.
The LANDIS-II forest landscape model simulates future forests (both trees and shrubs) at decadal to multi-century time scales and spatial scales spanning hundreds to millions of hectares. The model simulates change as a function of growth and succession and, optionally, as they are influenced by range of disturbances (e.g., fire, wind, insects), forest management, land use change. Climate and climate change affect processes throughout the model. LANDIS-II is highly customizable with dozens of libraries ('extensions') to choose from.The LANDIS-II community is very active with 100s of users and developers worldwide. We welcome anyone to join the LANDIS-II community and to contribute. All model components are free and open-source. There are active bulletin boards for Users and Developers. And there are meetings and training held every year in various locations across the US and Canada.
Biomass succession simulates changes in the biomass of each cohort dependent upon age, competition, and disturbance. The extension has been a popular tool when the focus of the research is on aboveground forest dynamics and when consideration of below ground dynamics is not important. Relative to succession extensions that track all possible Carbon pools (NECN Succession and Forest Carbon Succession), it is relatively simple.
Age-Only succession behaves similar to previous LANDIS models. However, this extension has a variable temporal resolution and therefore cohort ages are not limited to 10-year time steps. Age-only Succession v2.0 - Previous versions of LANDIS applied an assumption that species cohorts younger than their age of sexual maturity did not cast shade. This assumption was implemented as a proxy for crown closure, assuming that opportunities for species establishment existed prior to the onset of direct competition for light. Version 2.0 now includes this assumption to be most compatible with earlier versions of LANDIS.
Biomass succession simulates changes in the biomass of each cohort dependent upon age, competition, and disturbance. The extension has been a popular tool when the focus of the research is on aboveground forest dynamics and when consideration of below ground dynamics is not important. Relative to succession extensions that track all possible Carbon pools (NECN Succession and Forest Carbon Succession), it is relatively simple.
Net Ecosystem Carbon & Nitrogen (NECN) Succession was designed to provide total ecosystem accounting of Carbon and Nitrogen and to allow species to respond dynamically to a changing climate via establishment and growth. NECN calculates how cohorts grow, reproduce, age, and die. Dead biomass is tracked over time, divided into four pools: surface wood, soil wood (dead coarse roots), surface litter (dead leaves), and soil litter (dead fine roots). In addition, three principle soil pools: fast (soil organic matter (SOM) 1), slow (SOM2), and passive (SOM3) are simulated, following the Century soil model.
The PnET-Succession extension implements succession with cohorts defined by age ranges and including biomass per cohort. Most parameters are able to change over time, due to climate change for example. The PnET-Succession extension is based on the Biomass Succession extension of Scheller and Mladenoff (2004), embedding elements of the PnET-II ecophysiology model of Aber et al (1995) to simulate growth as a competition for available light and water, replacing the existing competition for “growing space” algorithms (De Bruijn et al. 2014). PnET (Photosynthesis and EvapoTranspiration) is a simple, lumped parameter model of carbon and water balances of forests (Aber and Federer 1992), built on two principal relationships: 1) maximum photo-synthetic rate is a function of foliar nitrogen concentration, and 2) stomatal conductance is a function of realized photosynthetic rate. PnET-Succession uses one PnET simulation for each tree species-age cohort and uses water and light consumption by these cohorts to implement competition. PnET-Succession calculates resources in terms of Non-Structural Carbon (NSC) for each cohort in its PnET part and assumes that cohorts die when their NSC level drops below a threshold. The PnET-Succession extension also tracks dead biomass over time, divided into two pools: woody and leaf litter.
The Forest Carbon Succession (ForCs) extension for the LANDIS-II model includes growth, mortality and decay. This extension allows you to track the C in 5 pools for each living age-species cohort, plus 9 dead organic matter and soil pools for each species. The extension reports Net Primary Productivity, Heterotrophic Respiration, Net Ecosystem Productivity, Net Biome Productivity and transfers to the forest products sector caused by harvesting.
Here we developed a new succession extension (DGS) of the LANDIS-II forest landscape model which integrates a vegetation dynamics model (NECN) with a soil carbon model (DAMM-McNiP), a hydrologic model (SHAW), and a deep soil profile permafrost model (GIPL) in a spatially-explicit framework. DGS Succession uses the algorithms in the NECN Succession extension of LANDIS-II to simulate growth, mortality and reproduction of vegetation but has three major changes. 1) The simple bucket model in NECN was replaced with a physically-based model (SHAW) that simulates energy and water fluxes (e.g. snow depth, evapotranspiration, soil moisture) at multiple levels in the canopy and soil. 2) The active, slow, and passive soil pools in NECN were replaced by seven soil pools that are measurable in the field, with carbon and nitrogen dynamics dictated by DAMM-McNiP. 3) Soil temperature and soil moisture are simulated only at one depth in NECN, but in DGS, soil temperature (and hence permafrost dynamics) are simulated at as many as 50 user-defined depths down to 4 m with SHAW and 75 m with GIPL.
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